Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause severe biotic stress in plants and pose a serious threat to several crops worldwide. More specifically, nematode infections can lead to the formation of root galls or damage the root, as well as to aboveground symptoms such as leaf chlorosis and necrosis, possible wilting, stunted and patchy growth, and predisposition to various pathogenic fungi.
Root system architecture and physiology are pivotal in efficiently extracting nutrients from the soil. Roots spread out and delve deep into the soil to access various nutrient sources. Lateral roots and root hairs enhance the surface area available for absorption. Conversely, nutrient availability and deficiencies influence root system architecture in diverse ways.
Compelling fossil evidence revealed that roots evolved in a stepwise manner and independently in Lycophytes and Euphyllophytes. Lateral root branching appeared in euphyllophyte (Equisetopsida, ferns and lignophytes) lineage during the middle Devonian and early carboniferous periods.
Lateral root (LR) branching appeared in euphyllophyte clade (ferns and seed plants). In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, LRs originate from pericycle cells. In ferns, it is generally assumed that LRs are originally formed from the endodermal cell layer.
Root development has been crucial for the success of vascular plants in terrestrial ecosystems, but not all rooting systems evolved from a common ancestor. Fossil evidence suggests that root development evolved independently at least twice over the course of land plant evolution, once within the euphyllophyte lineage, consisting of the seed plants and ferns, and once within the lycophyte lineage.
The importance of plant roots for our planet cannot be overstated. They provide numerous ecosystem services that support life on Earth, including soil stabilization, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and food production. Protecting and preserving healthy root systems is essential for maintaining the sustainability of our planet's ecosystems and ensuring the well-being of future generations.
